INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY summary

Intellectual property is everything what someone wrote, created art or music or invented new technologies and trademarks too. It can not be copied illegally, so intellectual property is protected by copyrights and patents. A patent protects from copying new discoveries and scientific processes. Computer programs,literature,radio and television broadcasts are protected by copyrights. The ownership of intellectual property must be clear,but he or she can pass this right to someone else.Universal Copyright Convention,the Bern Convention and the Patent Corporation Treaty are established to enforce intellectual property law internationally. Illegal infringement of copyrihgts or patent can be criminal offense and people can be issued civil or criminal case.

Judicial institutions of Lithuania and United Kingdom

Judicial institutions are all over the world, but each country has its own and specific system of them, so there are some differences and similarities between one and onother country systems.
UK system of courts is exlusive and original. The highest court is the Hose of Lords, its decisions bind all other courts. The lower instance is Court of appeal ,which is divided into criminal and civil divisions. Such divisions are in the High Court too. Chancery Division handles cases of trust property , Family Division deals with family matters ,and Queen’s Bench Division handles cases of public law and it is appellate institution for lower courts‘. There are the Crown Court which deals with criminal matters and Count Court which deals with civil matters. The last and the lowest is Magistrate Court,which handles civil and criminal cases.
System of Lithuania is a bit different. There are general jurisdiction courts. That is the Highest Court, Appeal Court, County and Vicinity courts. All of them deals with civil and criminal cases and some of them are appellate. There are special administrative courts in Lithuania, which handle cases associated with administrative things.
The main different between UK and Lithuania's systems of courts is that there is the Constitutional Court in Lithuania. It handles cases associated with our constitution and its infringements. The other different is that there is jury in UK which makes decisions. In Lithuania just judges make them.
In conclusion, it is clear that judicial systems of these two countries are quite different,but both of them are effective and professional.

SELF- ASSESSMENT OF ESP LEARNING

WRITING SKILLS. I think that I write summaries quite well,but I have to learn more,to improve my writing skills in grammar and use of appropriate and professional words. ESP vocabulary tests are not very hard,just need to learn words and I perform in them not badly, about 70-100 percents. I do not like dictations, but we write them and my performance in them always are different,sometimes I write them well,but sometimes I make some mistakes in writing and punctuation. I do all contributions to weblogs and this task is not difficult and even interesting.
SPEAKING SKILLS. My participation in class discussions is quite well, I always say something If I have interesting and needful ideas. Presentations always are interesting: to listen to others and to present something myself. I think I make them well and with all requirements. I like speaking in pairs,because my partner usually says me a lot of exciting things and we can share our minds and evaluate ourselfs and that is going on for us not badly.
LISTENING SKILLS. Listening activities in class usually are not very easy for me, because we listen to authentic english and it is hard to understand everything clearly. Listening to podcasts was much harder, but more interesting. I have learned a lot of new words and improved my listening skills. I listen to english outside class too, but it is usually english music and films, but I think it helps to find out new things, especially new words.
READING SKILLS. Home reading is easy for me, because I can use a computer's dictionary and find out words, which I do not know. Class reading is quite well too, because texts usually are interesting and easy. So my performance in reading comprehension exercises is well, because I find all answers if I know the text well. Computer tasks which are related with reading is easy and interesting.
It is really exciting and interesting to learn foreign language for me, especially english, because it will be useful for me in my work and in all my life. I try to study it industriuosly and diligently.

"Other recent shootings at schools" summary

A lot of shootings occur at schools in United States every year. Young adolescents from 6 to 19 years old use guns, wound and kill innocent classmates and teachers.
Some of criminals were mentally ill, but some of them were just very cruel and not responsible of their actions and maybe wanted to revenge somebody for something. Most of murderers were convicted, some of them were shot by police officers or killed themselves, but those,who were sentenced, got different punishments.
American teenagers are very violent without logical explanations and US's government must take some measures to stop this horror.

Prisons of Lithuania and United Kingdom

A prison or a jail is a special place where convicted or arrested people, who waits for a trial, are kept. The trim there is strict, because convicted people are bad and they must be looked after carefully and responsibly. There are a lot of jails all over the world. Systems of lithuanian and british prisons are very similar. Special fact is that there is just one real prison in Lithuania that is called Lukiskių inquest isolator- the prison. Others are called penitentiary or workhouse and etc.
There are more than 85,000 prisoners in about 160 jails in UK. Reception methods here are similar like in Lithuania. All prisoners pass through a reception where they are checked, their identities and other things. They are given special clothes. After that they must see a nurse, who checks healthy boucle, use of drugs or other medication. In Lithuania is the same, apart from this that lithuanian prisoners do not wear special clothes, but common like everybody.
Accommodation conditions are better in UK. There are single cells and dormitories. There are showers, recreation areas, food survery, toilets in cells and TVs. Most of cells are modern, tidy and comfortable to live. But cells of Lukiskes prison look likle small smelly toilets with a bed. They are too small for a normal living.
UK's prisons have access to education: IT classes, cookerylessons, english lessons for foreigners. Jails offer a mix of course including professional qualifications.Convicts can study in Lithuania too. Education is free for them. Teachers and lectures come to prison to teach them every week.
Religion and faith are not forgetten. There multi-faith centres in prisons of UK. All prisoners can prey to their gods and take part in their religious mass or ceremonies. Sometimes faith makes them better and helps to survive in a jail. Religion mass are held in Lukiskes too. There is a russian church here.
Food is given 3 times per day in jails of UK. But a kitchen's budget is small, so food is common, but healhty. The same situation is in Lithuania, but in UK it is appointed 1,87 pounds per day and in Lithuania just 4,2 litas for each convict per day.
Exercise areas can offer gym equipment and sport hall. Sport helps to live healthy and sometimes to fight with drugs or other addiction. There is no gym in Lukiskrs, just walking areas.
Prisoners can be visited by their relatives. Visits take place in a designated room. Family visits with children are held once a month. Lithuanian visits system is very similar.
There are more than 100 children up to 18 months living in dedicated mother and baby units in the UK's prisons. It is appointed 17 pounds a week for a child support.
Some more facts about lithuanian penal institutions. There are about 11,000 convicts there. Living conditions are not so good as inforeign prisons. The building of Lukiskes is old and needs to be reconstrated. Lithuanian penal system is old fashioned and strict. Treatment of criminals is not appropriate.
Of course, either in Lithuania either in UK special rebilitation and adaptation programmes is going on in order to help criminals to save their humanity.

"Civil and public law" summary

Civil and public law differ a lot and these differences are clear in law systems of all countries. Public law solves problems between people and the state or between states and civil law solves problems between people within a country. Civil law categories are contracts, torts, trusts, probate, family law. Crimes, constitutional and international law are the categories of public law. Codified systems are modern inventions in todays law. Procedures of civil and public law are different.
Civil actions are started bu individual people. A plaintiff is a party who brings a civil action. The party against whom civil action starts is called a defendant. The court weighs all evidences and decides what is the most probable in a civil case. Such cases usually finishes deciding what amount of money or damages should a defendant pay to the plaintiff.
Criminal actions as usual are started by the state. The party who brings a criminal action is called a prosecution. Other party like in a civil case is a defendant. The guilt of a criminal must be proven beyond reasonable doubt. The standards of proof are high in a criminal action, because the defendant could be sentenced to pay a fine and even jailed or executed.
There are some contacts between civil and criminal law. If the loser of a civil case refuses to pay a fine or to award damages, he can be prosecuted and even jailed. In some countries people can complain about the violention of the human rights in some criminal cases.

“Criminal law “ summary

A crime is a wrong act against another human being or the state for which people can be penalized. Some acts can be considered as a crime or not in different countries.
A lot of systems of law have a principle of presumption of innocence. Two elements of a crime can be marked out: Actus Reus-an objective part of a crime and Mens Rea-a subjective part of a crime. All crimes have a substantial cause and most of them are committed malice aforethought. Defendants can defense themselves if they found some reasons why thay can not be sentenced.
Technical changes, differences between societies and governments are the most important reasons of the increase of crimes.